The topics in this Body of Knowledge include additional detail in the form of subtext explanations and the cognitive level at which the questions will be written. This information will provide useful guidance for both the Examination Development Committee and the candidates preparing to take the exam. The subtext is not intended to limit the subject matter or be all-inclusive of what might be covered in an exam. It is intended to clarify the type of content to be included in the exam. The descriptor in parentheses at the end of each entry refers to the highest cognitive level at which the topic will be tested. A more comprehensive description of cognitive levels is provided at the end of this document.

1. RELIABILITY MANAGEMENT (18 Questions)
   1. Strategic management
      1. Benefits of reliability engineering
         Describe how reliability engineering techniques and methods improve programs, processes, products, systems, and services. (Understand)
      2. Interrelationship of safety, quality, and reliability
         Define and describe the relationships among safety, reliability, and quality. (Understand)
      3. Role of the reliability function in the organization
         Describe how reliability techniques can be applied in other functional areas of the organization, such as marketing, engineering, customer /product support, safety and product liability, etc. (Apply)
      4. Reliability in product and process development
         Integrate reliability engineering techniques with other development activities, concurrent engineering, corporate improvement initiatives such as lean and six sigma methodologies, and emerging technologies. (Apply)
      5. Failure consequence and liability management
         Describe the importance of these concepts in determining reliability acceptance criteria. (Understand)
      6. Warranty management
         Define and describe warranty terms and conditions, including warranty period, conditions of use, failure criteria, etc., and identify the uses and limitations of warranty data. (Understand)
      7. Customer needs assessment
         Use various feedback methods (e.g., quality function deployment (QFD), prototyping, beta testing) to determine customer needs in relation to reliability requirements for products and services. (Apply)
      8. Supplier reliability
         Define and describe supplier reliability assessments that can be monitored in support of the overall reliability program. (Understand)
   2. Reliability program management
      1. Terminology
         Explain basic reliability terms (e.g., MTTF, MTBF, MTTR, availability, failure rate, reliability, maintainability). (Understand)
      2. Elements of a reliability program
         Explain how planning, testing, tracking, and using customer needs and requirements are used to develop a reliability program, and identify various drivers of reliability requirements, including market expectations and standards, as well as safety, liability, and regulatory concerns. (Understand)
      3. Types of risk
         Describe the relationship between reliability and various types of risk, including technical, scheduling, safety, financial, etc. (Understand)
      4. Product lifecycle engineering
         Describe the impact various lifecycle stages (concept/design, introduction, growth, maturity, decline) have on reliability, and the cost issues (product maintenance, life expectation, software defect phase containment, etc.) associated with those stages. (Understand)
      5. Design evaluation
         Use validation, verification, and other review techniques to assess the reliability of a product’s design at various lifecycle stages. (Analyze)
      6. Systems engineering and integration
         Describe how these processes are used to create requirements and prioritize design and development activities. (Understand)
   3. Ethics, safety, and liability
      1. Ethical issues
         Identify appropriate ethical behaviors for a reliability engineer in various situations. (Evaluate)
      2. Roles and responsibilities
         Describe the roles and responsibilities of a reliability engineer in relation to product safety and liability. (Understand)
      3. System safety
         Identify safety-related issues by analyzing customer feedback, design data, field data, and other information. Use risk management tools (e.g., hazard analysis, FMEA, FTA, risk matrix) to identify and prioritize safety concerns, and identify steps that will minimize the misuse of products and processes. (Analyze)
   
    
2. PROBABILITY AND STATISTICS FOR RELIABILITY (27 Questions)
   1. Basic concepts
      1. Statistical terms
         Define and use terms such as population, parameter, statistic, sample, the central limit theorem, etc., and compute their values. (Apply)
      2. Basic probability concepts
         Use basic probability concepts (e.g., independence, mutually exclusive, conditional probability) and compute expected values. (Apply)
      3. Discrete and continuous probability distributions
         Compare and contrast various distributions (binomial, Poisson, exponential, Weibull, normal, log-normal, etc.) and their functions (e.g., cumulative distribution functions (CDFs), probability density functions (PDFs), hazard functions), and relate them to the bathtub curve. (Analyze)
      4. Poisson process models
         Define and describe homogeneous and non-homogeneous Poisson process models (HPP and NHPP). (Understand)
      5. Non-parametric statistical methods
         Apply non-parametric statistical methods, including median, Kaplan-Meier, Mann-Whitney, etc., in various situations. (Apply)
      6. Sample size determination
         Use various theories, tables, and formulas to determine appropriate sample sizes for statistical and reliability testing. (Apply)
      7. Statistical process control (SPC) and process capability
         Define and describe SPC and process capability studies (Cp, Cpk, etc.), their control charts, and how they are all related to reliability. (Understand)
   2. Statistical inference
      1. Point estimates of parameters
         Obtain point estimates of model parameters using probability plots, maximum likelihood methods, etc. Analyze the efficiency and bias of the estimators. (Evaluate)
      2. Statistical interval estimates
         Compute confidence intervals, tolerance intervals, etc., and draw conclusions from the results. (Evaluate)
      3. Hypothesis testing (parametric and non-parametric)
         Apply hypothesis testing for parameters such as means, variance, proportions, and distribution parameters. Interpret significance levels and Type I and Type II errors for accepting/rejecting the null hypothesis. (Evaluate)
   
    
3. RELIABILITY IN DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT (26 Questions)
   1. Reliability design techniques
      1. Environmental and use factors
         Identify environmental and use factors (e.g., temperature, humidity, vibration) and stresses (e.g., severity of service, electrostatic discharge (ESD), throughput) to which a product may be subjected. (Apply)
      2. Stress-strength analysis
         Apply stress-strength analysis method of computing probability of failure, and interpret the results. (Evaluate)
      3. FMEA and FMECA
         Define and distinguish between failure mode and effects analysis and failure mode, effects, and criticality analysis and apply these techniques in products, processes, and designs. (Analyze)
      4. Common mode failure analysis
         Describe this type of failure (also known as common cause mode failure) and how it affects design for reliability. (Understand)
      5. Fault tree analysis (FTA) and success tree analysis (STA)
         Apply these techniques to develop models that can be used to evaluate undesirable (FTA) and desirable (STA) events. (Analyze)
      6. Tolerance and worst-case analyses
         Describe how tolerance and worst-case analyses (e.g., root of sum of squares, extreme value) can be used to characterize variation that affects reliability. (Understand)
      7. Design of experiments
         Plan and conduct standard design of experiments (DOE) (e.g., full-factorial, fractional factorial, Latin square design). Implement robust-design approaches (e.g., Taguchi design, parametric design, DOE incorporating noise factors) to improve or optimize design. (Analyze)
      8. Fault tolerance
         Define and describe fault tolerance and the reliability methods used to maintain system functionality. (Understand)
      9. Reliability optimization
         Use various approaches, including redundancy, derating, trade studies, etc., to optimize reliability within the constraints of cost, schedule, weight, design requirements, etc. (Apply)
      10. Human factors
          Describe the relationship between human factors and reliability engineering. (Understand)
      11. Design for X (DFX)
          Apply DFX techniques such as design for assembly, testability, maintainability environment (recycling and disposal), etc., to enhance a product’s producibility and serviceability. (Apply)
      12. Reliability apportionment (allocation) techniques
          Use these techniques to specify subsystem and component reliability requirements. (Analyze)
   2. Parts and systems management
      1. Selection, standardization, and reuse
         Apply techniques for materials selection, parts standardization and reduction, parallel modeling, software reuse, including commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) software, etc. (Apply)
      2. Derating methods and principles
         Use methods such as S-N diagram, stress-life relationship, etc., to determine the relationship between applied stress and rated value, and to improve design. (Analyze)
      3. Parts obsolescence management
         Explain the implications of parts obsolescence and requirements for parts or system requalification. Develop risk mitigation plans such as lifetime buy, backwards compatibility, etc. (Apply)
      4. Establishing specifications
         Develop metrics for reliability, maintainability, and serviceability (e.g., MTBF, MTBR, MTBUMA, service interval) for product specifications. (Create)
   
    
4. RELIABILITY MODELING AND PREDICTIONS (22 Questions)
   1. Reliability modeling
      1. Sources and uses of reliability data
         Describe sources of reliability data (prototype, development, test, field, warranty, published, etc.), their advantages and limitations, and how the data can be used to measure and enhance product reliability. (Apply)
      2. Reliability block diagrams and models
         Generate and analyze various types of block diagrams and models, including series, parallel, partial redundancy, time-dependent, etc. (Create)
      3. Physics of failure models
         Identify various failure mechanisms (e.g., fracture, corrosion, memory corruption) and select appropriate theoretical models (e.g., Arrhenius, S-N curve) to assess their impact. (Apply)
      4. Simulation techniques
         Describe the advantages and limitations of the Monte Carlo and Markov models. (Apply)
      5. Dynamic reliability
         Describe dynamic reliability as it relates to failure criteria that change over time or under different conditions. (Understand)
   2. Reliability predictions
      1. Part count predictions and part stress analysis
         Use parts failure rate data to estimate system- and subsystem-level reliability. (Apply)
      2. Reliability prediction methods
         Use various reliability prediction methods for both repairable and non-repairable components and systems, incorporating test and field reliability data when available (Apply)
   
    
5. RELIABILITY TESTING (24 Questions)
   1. Reliability test planning
      1. Reliability test strategies
         Create and apply the appropriate test strategies (e.g., truncation, test–to-failure, degradation) for various product development phases. (Create)
      2. Test environment
         Evaluate the environment in terms of system location and operational conditions to determine the most appropriate reliability test. (Evaluate)
   2. Testing during development
      Describe the purpose, advantages, and limitations of each of the following types of tests, and use common models to develop test plans, evaluate risks, and interpret test results. (Evaluate)
      1. Accelerated life tests (e.g., single-stress, multiple-stress, sequential stress, step-stress)
      2. Discovery testing (e.g., HALT, margin tests, sample size of 1),
      3. Reliability growth testing (e.g., test, analyze, and fix (TAAF), Duane)
      4. Software testing (e.g., white-box, black-box, operational profile, and  fault-injection)
   3. Product testing
      Describe the purpose, advantages, and limitations of each of the following types of tests, and use common models to develop product test plans, evaluate risks, and interpret test results. (Evaluate)
      1. Qualification/demonstration testing (e.g., sequential tests, fixed-length tests)
      2. Product reliability acceptance testing (PRAT)
      3. Ongoing reliability testing (e.g., sequential probability ratio test [SPRT])
      4. Stress screening (e.g., ESS, HASS, burn-in tests)
      5. Attribute testing (e.g., binomial, hypergeometric)
      6. Degradation (wear–to-failure) testing
         
          
6. MAINTAINABILITY AND AVAILABILITY (15 Questions)
   1. Management strategies
      1. Planning
         Develop plans for maintainability and availability that support reliability goals and objectives. (Create)
      2. Maintenance strategies
         Identify the advantages and limitations of various maintenance strategies (e.g., reliability-centered maintenance (RCM), predictive maintenance, repair or replace decision making), and determine which strategy to use in specific situations. (Apply).
      3. Availability tradeoffs
         Describe various types of availability (e.g., inherent, operational), and the tradeoffs in reliability and maintainability that might be required to achieve availability goals. (Apply)
   2. Maintenance and testing analysis
      1. Preventive maintenance (PM) analysis
         Define and use PM tasks, optimum PM intervals, and other elements of this analysis, and identify situations in which PM analysis is not appropriate. (Apply)
      2. Corrective maintenance analysis
         Describe the elements of corrective maintenance analysis (e.g., fault-isolation time, repair/replace time, skill level, crew hours) and apply them in specific situations. (Apply)
      3. Non-destructive evaluation
         Describe the types and uses of these tools (e.g., fatigue, delamination, vibration signature analysis) to look for potential defects. (Understand)
      4. Testability
         Use various testability requirements and methods (e.g., built in tests (BITs), false-alarm rates, diagnostics, error codes, fault tolerance) to achieve reliability goals (Apply)
      5. Spare parts analysis
         Describe the relationship between spare parts requirements and reliability, maintainability, and availability requirements. Forecast spare parts requirements using field data, production lead time data, inventory and other prediction tools, etc. (Analyze)
   
    
7. DATA COLLECTION AND USE (18 Questions)
   1. Data collection
      1. Types of data
         Identify and distinguish between various types of data (e.g., attributes vs. variable, discrete vs. continuous, censored vs. complete, univariate vs. multivariate). Select appropriate data types to meet various analysis objectives. (Evaluate)
      2. Collection methods
         Identify appropriate methods and evaluate the results from surveys, automated tests, automated monitoring and reporting tools, etc., that are used to meet various data analysis objectives. (Evaluate)
      3. Data management
         Describe key characteristics of a database (e.g., accuracy, completeness, update frequency). Specify the requirements for reliability-driven measurement systems and database plans, including consideration of the data collectors and users, and their functional responsibilities. (Evaluate)
   2. Data use
      1. Data summary and reporting
         Examine collected data for accuracy and usefulness. Analyze, interpret, and summarize data for presentation using techniques such as trend analysis, Weibull, graphic representation, etc., based on data types, sources, and required output. (Create)
      2. Preventive and corrective action
         Select and use various root cause and failure analysis tools to determine the causes of degradation or failure, and identify appropriate preventive or corrective actions to take in specific situations. (Evaluate)
      3. Measures of effectiveness
         Use various data analysis tools to evaluate the effectiveness of preventive and corrective actions in improving reliability. (Evaluate)
   3. Failure analysis and correction
      1. Failure analysis methods
         Describe methods such as mechanical, materials, and physical analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), etc., that are used to identify failure mechanisms. (Understand)
      2. Failure reporting, analysis, and corrective action system (FRACAS)
         Identify the elements necessary for a FRACAS to be effective, and demonstrate the importance of a closed-loop process that includes root cause investigation and follow up. (Apply)

In addition to content specifics, the subtext for each topic in this BOK also indicates the intended complexity level of the test questions for that topic. These levels are based on “Levels of Cognition” (from Bloom’s Taxonomy – Revised, 2001) and are presented below in rank order, from least complex to most complex.

Remember
Recall or recognize terms, definitions, facts, ideas, materials, patterns, sequences, methods, principles, etc.

Understand
Read and understand descriptions, communications, reports, tables, diagrams, directions, regulations, etc.

Apply
Know when and how to use ideas, procedures, methods, formulas, principles, theories, etc.
 
Analyze
Break down information into its constituent parts and recognize their relationship to one another and how they are organized; identify sublevel factors or salient data from a complex scenario.

Evaluate
Make judgments about the value of proposed ideas, solutions, etc., by comparing the proposal to specific criteria or standards.

Create
Put parts or elements together in such a way as to reveal a pattern or structure not clearly there before; identify which data or information from a complex set is appropriate to examine further or from which supported conclusions can be drawn.