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Certified Quality Engineer

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The following information is provided by the American Society for Quality (ASQ):


Certification Requirements

Education and/or Experience

You must have eight years of on-the-job experience in one or more of the areas of the Certified Quality Engineer Body of Knowledge. A minimum of three years of this experience must be in a decision-making position. “Decision-making” is defined as the authority to define, execute, or control projects/processes and to be responsible for the outcome. This may or may not include management or supervisory positions.

If you are now or were previously certified by ASQ as a Quality Auditor, Reliability Engineer, Software Quality Engineer, or Quality Manager, experience used to qualify for certification in these fields applies to certification as a Quality Engineer.

If you have completed a degree* from a college, university, or technical school with accreditation accepted by ASQ, part of the eight-year experience requirement will be waived, as follows (only one of these waivers may be claimed):

  • Diploma from a technical or trade school—one year will be waived
  • Associate degree—two years waived
  • Bachelor’s degree—four years waived
  • Master’s or doctorate—five years waived

*Degrees/diplomas from foreign educational institutions must be equivalent to degrees from U.S. educational institutions.

Proof of Professionalism

Proof of professionalism may be demonstrated in one of three ways:

  1. Membership in ASQ, a foreign affiliate society of ASQ, or another society that is a member of the American Association of Engineering Societies or the Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology
  2. Registration as a Professional Engineer
  3. The signatures of two persons—ASQ members, members of a foreign affiliate society, or members of another recognized professional society—verifying that you are a qualified practitioner of the quality sciences

Examination

Each certification candidate is required to pass a written examination that consists of multiple choice questions that measure comprehension of the Body of Knowledge. The Quality Engineer examination is a one-part, 160-question, five-hour exam and is offered in the English language only.

Sample examination questions are included in the study guide.

Examinations are conducted twice a year, in early June and early December, by local ASQ sections and foreign international organizations. All examinations are open-book. Each participant must bring his or her own reference materials. Use of reference materials and calculators is explained in the seating letter provided to applicants.

Please Note: The Body of Knowledge for certification is affected by new technologies, policies, and the changing dynamics of manufacturing and service industries. Changed versions of the examination based on the current Body of Knowledge are used at each offering.

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2006 Body of Knowledge

The topics in this Body of Knowledge include subtext explanations and the cognitive level at which the questions will be written. This information will provide useful guidance for both the Exam Development Committee and the candidate preparing to take the exam. The subtext is not intended to limit the subject matter or be all-inclusive of that material that will be covered in the exam. It is meant to clarify the type of content that will be included on the exam. The descriptor in parentheses at the end of each entry refers to the maximum cognitive level at which the topic will be tested. A complete description of cognitive levels is provided at the end of this document.

  1. Management and Leadership (15 Questions)
    1. Quality Philosophies and Foundations
      Explain how modern quality has evolved from quality control through statistical process control (SPC) to total quality management and leadership principles (including Deming’s 14 points), and how quality has helped form various continuous improvement tools including lean, six sigma, theory of constraints, etc. (Remember)
    2. The Quality Management System (QMS)
      1. Strategic planning
        Identify and define top management’s responsibility for the QMS, including establishing policies and objectives, setting organization-wide goals, supporting quality initiatives, etc. (Apply)
      2. Deployment techniques
        Define, describe, and use various deployment tools in support of the QMS: benchmarking, stakeholder identification and analysis, performance measurement tools, and project management tools such as PERT charts, Gantt charts, critical path method (CPM), resource allocation, etc. (Apply)
      3. Quality information system (QIS)
        Identify and define the basic elements of a QIS, including who will contribute data, the kind of data to be managed, who will have access to the data, the level of flexibility for future information needs, data analysis, etc. (Remember)
    3. ASQ Code of Ethics for Professional Conduct
      Determine appropriate behavior in situations requiring ethical decisions. (Evaluate)
    4. Leadership Principles and Techniques
      Describe and apply various principles and techniques for developing and organizing teams and leading quality initiatives. (Analyze)
    5. Facilitation Principles and Techniques
      Define and describe the facilitator’s role and responsibilities on a team. Define and apply various tools used with teams, including brainstorming, nominal group technique, conflict resolution, force-field analysis, etc. (Analyze)
    6. Communication Skills
      Describe and distinguish between various communication methods for delivering information and messages in a variety of situations across all levels of the organization. (Analyze)
    7. Customer Relations
      Define, apply, and analyze the results of customer relation measures such as quality function deployment (QFD), customer satisfaction surveys, etc. (Analyze)
    8. Supplier Management
      Define, select, and apply various techniques including supplier qualification, certification, evaluation, ratings, performance improvement, etc. (Analyze)
    9. Barriers to Quality Improvement
      Identify barriers to quality improvement, their causes and impact, and describe methods for overcoming them. (Analyze)

     

  2. The Quality System (15 Questions)
    1. Elements of the Quality System
      Define, describe, and interpret the basic elements of a quality system, including planning, control, and improvement, from product and process design through quality cost systems, audit programs, etc. (Evaluate)
    2. Documentation of the Quality System
      Identify and apply quality system documentation components, including quality policies, procedures to support the system, configuration management and document control to manage work instructions, quality records, etc. (Apply)
    3. Quality Standards and Other Guidelines
      Define and distinguish between national and international standards and other requirements and guidelines, including the Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award (MBNQA), and describe key points of the ISO 9000 series of standards and how they are used. [Note: Industry-specific standards will not be tested.] (Apply)
    4. Quality Audits
      1. Types of audits
        Describe and distinguish between various types of quality audits such as product, process, management (system), registration (certification), compliance (regulatory), first, second, and third party, etc. (Apply)
      2. Roles and responsibilities in audits
        Identify and define roles and responsibilities for audit participants such as audit team (leader and members), client, auditee, etc. (Understand)
      3. Audit planning and implementation
        Describe and apply the steps of a quality audit, from the audit planning stage through conducting the audit, from the perspective of an audit team member. (Apply)
      4. Audit reporting and follow up
        Identify, describe, and apply the steps of audit reporting and follow up, including the need to verify corrective action. (Apply)
    5. Cost of Quality (COQ)
      Identify and apply COQ concepts, including cost categories, data collection methods and classification, and reporting and interpreting results. (Analyze)
    6. Quality Training
      Identify and define key elements of a training program, including conducting a needs analysis, developing curricula and materials, and determining the program’s effectiveness. (Apply)

     

  3. Product and Process Design (25 Questions)
    1. Classification of Quality Characteristics
      Define, interpret, and classify quality characteristics for new products and processes. [Note: The classification of product defects is covered in IV.B.3.] (Evaluate)
    2. Design Inputs and Review
      Identify sources of design inputs such as customer needs, regulatory requirements, etc. and how they translate into design concepts such as robust design, QFD, and Design for X (DFX, where X can mean six sigma (DFSS), manufacturability (DFM), cost (DFC), etc.). Identify and apply common elements of the design review process, including roles and responsibilities of participants. (Analyze)
    3. Technical Drawings and Specifications
      Interpret technical drawings including characteristics such as views, title blocks, dimensioning, tolerancing, GD&T symbols, etc. Interpret specification requirements in relation to product and process characteristics. (Evaluate)
    4. Design Verification
      Identify and apply various evaluations and tests to qualify and validate the design of new products and processes to ensure their fitness for use. (Evaluate)
    5. Reliability and Maintainability
      1. Predictive and preventive maintenance tools
        Describe and apply these tools and techniques to maintain and improve process and product reliability. (Analyze)
      2. Reliability and maintainability indices
        Review and analyze indices such as, MTTF, MTBF, MTTR, availability, failure rate, etc. (Analyze)
      3. Bathtub curve
        Identify, define, and distinguish between the basic elements of the bathtub curve. (Analyze)
      4. Reliability / Safety / Hazard Assessment Tools
        Define, construct, and interpret the results of failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA), failure mode, effects, and criticality analysis (FMECA), and fault tree analysis (FTA). (Analyze)

     

  4. Product and Process Control (32 Questions)
    1. Tools
      Define, identify, and apply product and process control methods such as developing control plans, identifying critical control points, developing and validating work instructions, etc. (Analyze)
    2. Material Control
      1. Material identification, status, and traceability
        Define and distinguish these concepts, and describe methods for applying them in various situations. [Note: Product recall procedures will not be tested.] (Analyze)
      2. Material segregation
        Describe material segregation and its importance, and evaluate appropriate methods for applying it in various situations. (Evaluate)
      3. Classification of defects
        Define, describe, and classify the seriousness of product and process defects. (Evaluate)
      4. Material review board (MRB)
        Identify the purpose and function of an MRB, and make appropriate disposition decisions in various situations. (Analyze)
    3. Acceptance Sampling
      1. Sampling concepts
        Define, describe, and apply the concepts of producer and consumer risk and related terms, including operating characteristic (OC) curves, acceptable quality limit (AQL), lot tolerance percent defective (LTPD), average outgoing quality (AOQ), average outgoing quality limit (AOQL), etc. (Analyze)
      2. Sampling standards and plans
        Interpret and apply ANSI/ASQ Z1.4 and Z1.9 standards for attributes and variables sampling. Identify and distinguish between single, double, multiple, sequential, and continuous sampling methods. Identify the characteristics of Dodge-Romig sampling tables and when they should be used. (Analyze)
      3. Sample integrity
        Identify the techniques for establishing and maintaining sample integrity. (Analyze)
    4. Measurement and Test
      1. Measurement tools
        Select and describe appropriate uses of inspection tools such as gage blocks, calipers, micrometers, optical comparators, etc. (Analyze)
      2. Destructive and nondestructive tests
        Distinguish between destructive and nondestructive measurement test methods and apply them appropriately. (Analyze)
    5. Metrology
      Identify, describe, and apply metrology techniques such as calibration systems, traceability to calibration standards, measurement error and its sources, and control and maintenance of measurement standards and devices. (Analyze)
    6. Measurement System Analysis (MSA)
      Calculate, analyze, and interpret repeatability and reproducibility (Gage R&R) studies, measurement correlation, capability, bias, linearity, etc., including both conventional and control chart methods. (Evaluate)

     

  5. Continuous Improvement (30 Questions)
    1. Quality Control Tools
      Select, construct, apply, and interpret tools such as 1) flowcharts, 2) Pareto charts, 3) cause and effect diagrams, 4) control charts, 5) check sheets, 6) scatter diagrams, and 7) histograms. (Analyze)
    2. Quality Management and Planning Tools
      Select, construct, apply, and interpret tools such as 1) affinity diagrams, 2) tree diagrams, 3) process decision program charts (PDPC), 4) matrix diagrams, 5) interrelationship digraphs, 6) prioritization matrices, and 7) activity network diagrams. (Analyze)
    3. Continuous Improvement Techniques
      Define, describe, and distinguish between various continuous improvement models: total quality management (TQM), kaizen, plan-do-check-act (PDCA), six sigma, theory of constraints (TOC), lean, etc. (Analyze)
    4. Corrective Action
      Identify, describe, and apply elements of the corrective action process including problem identification, failure analysis, root cause analysis, problem correction, recurrence control, verification of effectiveness, etc. (Evaluate)
    5. Preventive Action
      Identify, describe, and apply various preventive action tools such as error-proofing/poka-yoke, robust design, etc., and analyze their effectiveness. (Evaluate)

     

  6. Quantitative Methods and Tools (43 Questions)
    1. Collecting and Summarizing Data
      1. Types of data
        Define, classify, and compare discrete (attributes) and continuous (variables) data. (Apply)
      2. Measurement scales
        Define, describe, and use nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio scales. (Apply)
      3. Data collection methods
        Describe various methods for collecting data, including tally or check sheets, data coding, automatic gaging, etc., and identify their strengths and weaknesses. (Apply)
      4. Data accuracy
        Describe the characteristics or properties of data (e.g., source/resource issues, flexibility, versatility, etc.) and various types of data errors or poor quality such as low accuracy, inconsistency, interpretation of data values, and redundancy. Identify factors that can influence data accuracy, and apply techniques for error detection and correction. (Apply)
      5. Descriptive statistics
        Describe, calculate, and interpret measures of central tendency and dispersion (central limit theorem), and construct and interpret frequency distributions including simple, categorical, grouped, ungrouped, and cumulative. (Evaluate)
      6. Graphical methods for depicting relationships
        Construct, apply, and interpret diagrams and charts such as stem-and-leaf plots, box-and-whisker plots, etc. [Note: Run charts and scatter diagrams are covered in V.A.] (Analyze)
      7. Graphical methods for depicting distributions
        Construct, apply, and interpret diagrams such as normal probability plots, Weibull plots, etc. [Note: Histograms are covered in V.A.] (Analyze)
    2. Quantitative Concepts
      1. Terminology
        Define and apply quantitative terms, including population, parameter, sample, statistic, random sampling, expected value, etc. (Analyze)
      2. Drawing statistical conclusions
        Distinguish between numeric and analytical studies. Assess the validity of statistical conclusions by analyzing the assumptions used and the robustness of the technique used. (Evaluate)
      3. Probability terms and concepts
        Describe and apply concepts such as independence, mutually exclusive, multiplication rules, complementary probability, joint occurrence of events, etc. (Apply)
    3. Probability Distributions
      1. Continuous distributions
        Define and distinguish between these distributions: normal, uniform, bivariate normal, exponential, lognormal, Weibull, chi square, Student’s t, F, etc. (Analyze)
      2. Discrete distributions
        Define and distinguish between these distributions: binomial, Poisson, hypergeometric, multinomial, etc. (Analyze)
    4. Statistical Decision-Making
      1. Point estimates and confidence intervals
        Define, describe, and assess the efficiency and bias of estimators. Calculate and interpret standard error, tolerance intervals, and confidence intervals. (Evaluate)
      2. Hypothesis testing
        Define, interpret, and apply hypothesis tests for means, variances, and proportions. Apply and interpret the concepts of significance level, power, type I and type II errors. Define and distinguish between statistical and practical significance. (Evaluate)
      3. Paired-comparison tests
        Define and use paired-comparison (parametric) hypothesis tests, and interpret the results. (Apply)
      4. Goodness-of-fit tests
        Define and use chi square and other goodness-of-fit tests, and interpret the results. (Apply)
      5. Analysis of variance (ANOVA)
        Define and use ANOVAs and interpret the results. (Analyze)
      6. Contingency tables
        Define, construct, and use contingency tables to evaluate statistical significance. (Analyze)
    5. Relationships Between Variables
      1. Linear regression
        Calculate the regression equation for simple regressions and least squares estimates. Construct and interpret hypothesis tests for regression statistics. Use regression models for estimation and prediction, and analyze the uncertainty in the estimate. [Note: Non-linear models and parameters will not be tested.] (Analyze)
      2. Simple linear correlation
        Calculate the correlation coefficient and its confidence interval, and construct and interpret a hypothesis test for correlation statistics. [Note: Serial correlation will not be tested.] (Analyze)
      3. Time-series analysis
        Define, describe, and use time-series analysis including moving average, and interpret time-series graphs to identify trends and seasonal or cyclical variation. (Analyze)
    6. Statistical Process Control (SPC)
      1. Objectives and benefits
        Identify and explain objectives and benefits of SPC such as assessing process performance. (Understand)
      2. Common and special causes
        Describe, identify, and distinguish between these types of causes. (Analyze)
      3. Selection of variable
        Identify and select characteristics for monitoring by control chart. (Analyze)
      4. Rational subgrouping
        Define and apply the principles of rational subgrouping. (Apply)
      5. Control charts
        Identify, select, construct, and use various control charts, including -R, -s, individuals and moving range (ImR or XmR), moving average and moving range (MamR), p, np, c, u, and CUSUM charts. (Analyze)
      6. Control chart analysis
        Read and interpret control charts, use rules for determining statistical control. (Evaluate)
      7. PRE-control charts
        Define and describe how these charts differ from other control charts and how they should be used. (Apply)
      8. Short-run SPC
        Identify, define, and use short-run SPC rules. (Apply)
    7. Process and Performance Capability
      1. Process capability studies
        Define, describe, calculate, and use process capability studies, including identifying characteristics, specifications, and tolerances, developing sampling plans for such studies, establishing statistical control, etc. (Analyze)
      2. Process performance vs. specifications
        Distinguish between natural process limits and specification limits, and calculate percent defective. (Analyze)
      3. Process capability indices
        Define, select, and calculate Cp, Cpk, Cpm, and Cr, and evaluate process capability. (Evaluate)
      4. Process performance indices
        Define, select, and calculate Pp and Ppk and evaluate process performance. (Evaluate)
    8. Design and Analysis of Experiments
      1. Terminology
        Define terms such as dependent and independent variables, factors, levels, response, treatment, error, and replication. (Understand)
      2. Planning and organizing experiments
        Define, describe, and apply the basic elements of designed experiments, including determining the experiment objective, selecting factors, responses, and measurement methods, choosing the appropriate design, etc. (Analyze)
      3. Design principles
        Define and apply the principles of power and sample size, balance, replication, order, efficiency, randomization, blocking, interaction, and confounding. (Apply)
      4. One-factor experiments
        Construct one-factor experiments such as completely randomized, randomized block, and Latin square designs, and use computational and graphical methods to analyze the significance of results. (Analyze)
      5. Full-factorial experiments
        Construct full-factorial designs and use computational and graphical methods to analyze the significance of results. (Analyze)
      6. Two-level fractional factorial experiments
        Construct two-level fractional factorial designs (including Taguchi designs) and apply computational and graphical methods to analyze the significance of results. (Analyze)

 

Levels of Cognition based on Bloom’s Taxonomy – Revised (2001)

In addition to content specifics, the subtext for each topic in this BOK also indicates the intended complexity level of the test questions for that topic. These levels are based on “Levels of Cognition” (from Bloom’s Taxonomy – Revised, 2001) and are presented below in rank order, from least complex to most complex.

Remember
Recall or recognize terms, definitions, facts, ideas, materials, patterns, sequences, methods, principles, etc.

Understand
Read and understand descriptions, communications, reports, tables, diagrams, directions, regulations, etc.

Apply
Know when and how to use ideas, procedures, methods, formulas, principles, theories, etc.

Analyze
Break down information into its constituent parts and recognize their relationship to one another and how they are organized; identify sublevel factors or salient data from a complex scenario.

Evaluate
Make judgments about the value of proposed ideas, solutions, etc., by comparing the proposal to specific criteria or standards.

Create
Put parts or elements together in such a way as to reveal a pattern or structure not clearly there before; identify which data or information from a complex set is appropriate to examine further or from which supported conclusions can be drawn.

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Sample Questions

  1. Perfectionism in project management is LEAST likely to result in excess
    1. appraisal costs
    2. prevention costs
    3. internal failure costs
    4. external failure costs

  2. Which three of the following are considered key elements of Deming’s quality improvement strategy?
    I. An organization’s overall quality is in the hands of the organization’s management.
    II. The establishment of clear performance goals is required for effective improvement efforts.
    III. Quality problems are almost always a result of suboptimal systems, not the people operating in them.
    IV. Understanding variation and the use of statistical quality control methods is the primary tool to improve processes and systems.

     

    1. I, II, and III
    2. I, II, and IV
    3. I, III, and IV
    4. II, III, and IV

  3. Which of the following tools are appropriate for quality engineer to use in qualifying a process that has variable data?
    I. and R control chart
    II. Histogram
    III. c chart
    IV. p chart

     

    1. I and II only
    2. II and III only
    3. III and IV only
    4. I, II, and IV only

  4. A process is stable at a 1.5 percent nonconformity rate where the plant produces 200,000 units per month. The final inspection captures 1 out of every 10 nonconformities with only 1 out of every 25 noncomformities returned for warranty response. If the average cost for each detected nonconformity is $50/unit, what is the cost of quality?
    1. $20,400
    2. $21,000
    3. $150,500
    4. $204,000

  5. Which of the following costs decreases most dramatically as nonconformities approach zero?
    1. Prevention
    2. Appraisal
    3. Manufacturing
    4. External failure

  6. Design reviews are used to analyze all of the following EXCEPT
    1. cost of manufacturing
    2. cost of field maintenance
    3. performance at acceptable levels
    4. customer demand for the product

  7. A major drawback of using histograms in process control is that they
    1. do not readily account for the factor of time
    2. are relatively difficult to construct and interpret
    3. require too many data points
    4. require too many intervals

  8. A sequential operation can best be depicted graphically by means of
    1. a histogram
    2. a scatter diagram
    3. a flow diagram
    4. an interrelationship digraph

  9. Two variables, x and y, are related in that x increases or decreases with y. Which of the following could best be used to depict this relationship?
    1. A control chart
    2. A pareto chart
    3. A scatter diagram
    4. An interrelationship digraph

  10. A quality information system is best defined as a
    1. historical collection of process and product data used to produce customer- or government-required reports on quality
    2. set of systematic management reports that cover product and process functions and usually include summary information on warranty frequency and the cost of quality
    3. method of collecting, storing, analyzing, and summarizing quality data to assist in decision-making
    4. data collection and reporting system that tracks key product and process indicators of quality

  11. The correlation coefficient for the length and weight of units made by a process is determined to be 0.27. If the process were adjusted to reduce the weight of each unit by 0.5 ounce, the correlation coefficient of the length and weight of the units made by the new process would be equal to
    1. 0.50
    2. 0.27
    3. 0.23
    4. -0.23

  12. A manufacturer of air conditioners wants to estimate the mean life (years from installation to replacement) of its units. The error level is set at 0.5 year, a desired probability (1 -) of 95 percent is selected, and the standard deviation of unit life is given as 6.0 years. If unit life is normally distributed, then the required sample size for the desired estimate is equal to
    1. 283
    2. 291
    3. 554
    4. 585

  13. Alternative
    Result A B Total
    X I II 80
    Y III IV 120
    Total 130 70 200

    The correct value for the expected frequency of cell I in the contingency table shown above is

    1. 28
    2. 42
    3. 52
    4. 78

     

    For questions 14-16 refer to the following information.

    Management has asked a team of quality engineers to evaluate a sister company’s quality system in order to qualify the sister company to manufacture a critical component that has three characteristics that must be controlled. The characteristics are process temperature, 195 ± 5°F; component mass, 100 grams ± 7 grams; and chemical component, 3 percent or less.

    A technical report submitted by the sister company stated that all of the characteristics complied with the company’s specifications. During review of the quality system, it was determined that the sister company does not have calibration procedures, only one mass measurement per component is performed per shift, and the analytical equipment for testing chemical accuracy does not work.

    The team decided to measure 30 random samples from multiple shifts and to compare those measurements with 30 random samples taken from the sister company’s historical files. The data are summarized in the table below. Based on this evaluation, the quality engineers concluded that the sister company should not be used.

     

     

    Temperature (°F)

    Mass (grams)

    Chemical Analysis

      New Historical New Historical New Historical
    Mean 194.4 195.0 98.3 100.0 2.62% None
    Standard Deviation (n-1) 3.58 0.9 4.13 2.37 0.29% None
    Range 188-202 193-197 91-107 95-105 2.0%-3.0% None
    n 30 30 30 30 30  

     

  14. Equality of the new and historical mean values can be tested most appropriately by using which of the following tests?
    1. Grubbs
    2. t-test
    3. Chi-square
    4. Dixon


  15. Based on the assumption that the temperature samples were taken from the same population, the null hypothesis that there is no significant difference between means is tested at the 5 percent level of significance. Which of the following gives the calculated z-statistic and the appropriate decision regarding acceptance or rejection of the null hypothesis?
    1. -0.89; accept
    2. -0.89; reject
    3. 0.67; accept
    4. 0.67; reject


  16. A sample size of 30 individual values for each of the three characteristics (temperature, mass, and chemical analysis) allows the
    1. use of the Dodge-Roming sampling plans
    2. use of an approximation to a Gaussian distribution
    3. use of the Bernoulli Process Theorem
    4. calculation of Pearson’s coefficient of skewness


  17. and have been computed for a series of control chart sample subgroups. Which of the following expressions would be used to calculate the spread of the individual units drawn from the production stream?


  18. Of the following, the best way to prevent batches of material from becoming mixed or misplaced is to establish
    1. operator check sheets
    2. a material review board
    3. statistical process control
    4. material and status control


  19. The formal, documented, comprehensive, and systematic examination of a design that ensures requirements are met, identifies problems, and proposes solutions is known as a
    1. quality review
    2. design review
    3. design examination
    4. failure mode, effect, and criticality analysis


  20. A manufacturing control characteristic has a tighter tolerance than the product requirement. Such a tolerance would be classified as
    1. nonfunctional
    2. end-use
    3. critical
    4. major


  21. To determine the average number of nonconforming parts over time, which of the following attribute control charts would be most appropriate?
    1. c chart
    2. u chart
    3. p chart
    4. np chart


  22. A reference measurement is required to determine gage
    1. accuracy
    2. linearity
    3. stability
    4. repeatability


  23. The variation in the average of the measurements made by different operators using the same gage when measuring a characteristic on one part is known as gage
    1. linearity
    2. accuracy
    3. repeatability
    4. reproducibility


  24. Which of the following analyses is most often used to study the potential failures in a system?
    1. Failure analysis
    2. Fault tree analysis
    3. Reliability allocation analysis
    4. Pareto analysis

Answers:

1. d 7. a 13. c 19. b
2. c 8. c 14. b 20. a
3. a 9. c 15. a 21. d
4. a 10. c 16. b 22. a
5. d 11. b 17. c 23. d
6. d 12. c 18. d 24. b

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